Gusiba ukwezi kwa Ramadhani

Igisobanuro cyo gusiba:

Igisobanuro cyo gusiba muri Islam: Ni ukugandukira Imana wigomwa kurya no kunwa no gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina no kureka ibijya mu mubiri byose kuva umuseke utambitse –aricyogihe cya Adhana ya Al Fajir- kugeza izuba rirenze – aricyo gihe cya Adhana ya Magharib-.

Ibyiza by’ukwezi kwa Ramadhani

Ukwezi kwa Ramadhani ni ukwezi kwa cyenda mu mezi agendera kuri gahunda y’ukwezi kuri Carendari ya Kislamu.

Ukwezi kwa Ramadhani ni ukwezi kwa cyenda mu mezi agendera kuri gahunda y’ukwezi kuri Carendari ya Kislamu, uko kwezi kukaba ariko kwezi kuruta ayandi yose y’umwaka, Imana yashyizemo ibyiza byinshi by’umwihariko bitari muyandi mezi, muri ibyo byiza:

Kuba ari ukwezi Imana yahishuyemo igitabo gihambaye kandi cyubahitse: Qor’an Ntagatifu, Imana yaravuze iti“Ukwezi kwa Ramadhani ni ko kwahishuwemo Qur’an, (kugira ngo ibe) umuyoboro ku bantu n’ibimenyetso bigaragara by’umuyoboro (wa Allah) binatandukanya ukuri n’ikinyoma. Ku bw’ibyo, muri mwe uwo uko kwezi kuzasanga azagusibe” Surat Al Baqarat: 185.
Intumwa Muhamadi yaravuze ati “Iyo Ramadhani yinjiye, imiryango yose y’ijuru irafungurwa, n’imiryango yose y’umuriro irafungwa kandi amashitani arafungwa” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 3103. Na Muslim: 1079. Imana yateguye abagaragu bayo gukoramo ibyiza bakirinda ibibi.
Kuba umuntu usibye amanywa ya Ramadhani akanakora ibihagararo by’ijoro, ababarirwa ibyaha yakoze mbere. Intumwa Muhamadi yaravuze iti “Uzasiba ukwezi kwa Ramadhani afite ukwemera aniringira ibihembo ku Mana azababarirwa ibyaha yakoze mbere” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 1910. Na Muslim: 760. Intumwa Muhamadi kandi yaravuze iti “Uzakora ibihagararo mu kwezi kwa Ramadhani, afite ukwemera kandi yiringira ibihembo ku Mana, azababarirwa ibyaha yakoze mbere” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 1905. Na Muslim: 759.
Kuba muri uko kwezi harimo amajoro aruta ayandi mu mwaka: Ijoro ry’ubugabe (Layilatul Qadri), Imana yavuzeho mu gitabo cyayo ko ibikorwa byiza muri iryo joro biruka ibikorwa wakora mu bihe byinshi. Imana yaravuze iti “Ijoro ry’ubugabe, riruta amezi igihumbi” Surat Al Qadri: 3. Bityo urikozemo ibihagararo by’ijoro afite ukwemera aniringiye ibihembo ku Mana, ababarirwa ibyaha yakoze mbere. Iryo joro rikaba riboneka mu majoro icumi ya nyuma y’ukwezi kwa Ramadhani, iryo joro nta muntu uzi umunsi riberaho.

Impamvu igisibo cyashyizweho

Imana yategetse gusiba kubera impamvu nyinshi zaba iz’idini ndetse n’izo ku isi, muri zo:

Gusiba bishimangira ugutinya Imana Nyagasani:

Kubera ko gusiba ari isengesho umuntu akora kugira ngo rimwegereze ku Mana Nyagasani akarikora areka ibyo yakundaga anacubya ugushaka kwe, agahambira umutima we ku gutinya Imana, no gucungana n’imbibi zayo ayo ari hose na buri gihe cyose haba ku mugaragaro no mu ibanga.

Kwitoza kureka ibyaha n’amakosa yose:

Iyo uwasibye yirinze ibyari byemewe kuri we kubera gukurikiza amategeko y’Imana, icyo gihe aba anashobora gucubya ugushaka kwe mu byaha n’andi makosa, akirinda kurengera imbibi z’Imana akora ibibujijwe. Intumwa Muhamadi yaravuze ati “Utazareka kuvuga ibinyoma no kubikoresha, Imana ntikeneye kuba we yareka ibiribwa bye n’ibinyobwa bye” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 1804. Bisobanuye ko utaretse ibinyoma haba mu mvugo no mu ngiro, uwo ntabwo ashobora kugera ku gikambiriwe mu gisibo.

Gusiba bituma umuntu abasha kwibuka abakene n’abatindi bityo akaba yabafasha:

Kuko mu gisibo harimo kugerwaho n’umubabaro w’ubukene n’inzara, bityo bigatuma ushobora kwibuka abakene bahora muri uwo mubabaro ibihe byose, bigatuma umuntu yibuka ibyo abavandimwe be b’abakene bahura nabyo yaba inzana ndetse n’inyota, bigatuma agerageza kubafasha.

Ibyiza byo gusiba

Igisibo gifite ibyiza byinshi byaje muri Islam, muri byo twavuga:

Umuntu wasibye abona ibyishimo bibiri: Ibyishimo igihe asiburutse, n’ibyishimo azagira igihe azaba ahuye na Nyagasani we.

Kuba usibye ukwezi kwa Ramadhani afite ukwemera Imana kandi akabikora kubera kubahiriza amategeko yayo no guhamya inkuru zaje zigaragaza ibyiza byo gusiba ibyo kandi akabikora yiringira ibihembo ku Mana, azababarirwa ibyaha yakoze mbere. Nk’uko intumwa Muhamadi yavuze agira ati “Uzasiba ukwezi kwa Ramadhani, afite ukwemera aniringira ibihembo ku Mana, ababarirwa ibyaha yakoze mbere” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 1910. Na Muslim: 760.
Kuba uwasibye azishimira ibihembo azahabwa igihe azahura na Nyagasani we kubera ugusiba kwe, intumwa Muhamadi yaravuze iti “Uwasibye agira ibyishimo bibiri, ibyishimo igihe agiye gusiburuka, n’ibyishimo igihe azahura na Nyagasani we” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 1805. Na Muslim: 1151.
Kuba mu ijuru harimo umuryango witwa Rayanu nta wundi uzawinjiriramo usibye abasibye gusa, intumwa Muhamadi yaravuze iti “Mu by’ukuri, mu ijuru harimo umuryango witwa Rayanu, uzunjirirwamo n’abasibye gusa ku munsi w’imperuka, nta wundi muntu uzawinjiririmo, bazavuga bati: Bari hehe abajyaga basiba? Maze bahaguruke nta wundi utaribo uzawinjiriramo, nibamara kwinjira uzafungwa nta wundi uzawinjiriramo” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 1797. Na Muslim: 1152.
Kuba Imana yariyitiriye ibihembo by’igisibo, umuntu rero uzahembwa na Allah, umunyabuntu, utanga bihamabye n’umunyempuhwe uwo niyishimire ibyo Imana yamuteganyirije. Intumwa Muhamadi yaravuze iti “Buri gikorwa cyose umuntu akora kiba ari icye, usibye igisibo, kuko cyo mu by’ukuri, ari icyanjye kandi ni nanjye uzagitangira ibihembo” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 1805. Na Muslim: 1151.

Ibituma umuntu asiburuka

Ni ibintu umuntu wasibye agomba kwirinda kuko byakonona igisibo, aribyo ibi:

Kurya no kunywa. Imana yaravuze iti “Kandi mujye murya munanywe kugeza igihe mubasha gutandukanya urudodo rw’umweru (amanywa) n’urudodo rw’umukara (ijoro) igihe umuseke utambitse. Maze mwuzuze igisibo kugeza ijoro ryinjiye” Surat Al Baqarat: 187. Umuntu iyo ariye cyangwa akanywa yibagiwe, igisibo cye kiremerwa kandi nta cyaha abona, nk’uko intumwa Muhamadi yavuze igira iti “Uzibagirwa asibye akarya cyangwa akanywa, uwo ajye yuzuza igisibo cye kuko Imana ariyo iba yamugaburiye yanamuhaye icyo kunywa” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 1831. Na Muslim: 1155.
Gukora ibyajya mu mwanya wo kurya no kunywa n’ibisa nkabyo:

Kuba waterwa urushinge rwa seromo rukagera mu mubiri, urwo rushinge rusimbura ibiribwa n’ibinyobwa itegeko ryarwo rero rikaba ariryo tegeko ry’ibiribwa n’ibinyobwa.
Kongerera umurwayi amaraso, kuko kongera amaraso ariyo ntego iba igamijwe mu kurya no kunywa.
Kunywa itabi mu moko yaryo yose ibyi bituma umuntu asiburuka, kuko itabi rishyira mu mubiri isumu biciye mu nzira yo guhumeka.

Gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina, hinjizwa igitsina cy’umugabo mu bwambure bw’umugore, umugabo yasohora intanga cyangwa atazisohora.
Gusohora intanga kubushake, bitewe no gukora imibonano cyangwa kwikinisha, n’ibindi nkabyo.

Naho kwirotera bikunze kubaho ninjoro umuntu aryamye ibyo ntibyangiza igisibo.

Biremewe ko umugabo yasoma umugore we igihe ashobora kwifata ntagere kubyamwangiriza igisibo.

Kuruka ubishaka, naho umuntu aramutse arutse bimugwiririye atabigambiriye nta kibazo kuri we, intumwa Muhamadi yaravuze ati “Uzatungurwa no kuruka yari asibye, uwo ntagomba kwishyura uwo munsi, ariko uwirukishije abishaka ajye yishyura uwo munsi” Yakiriwe na Tir’midhiy: 720. Na Abu Dauda: 2380.
Gusohokwamo n’amaraso y’imihango ndetse n’ibisanza, igihe cyose habonetse amaraso y’imihango cyangwa ibisanza nubwo ibyo byaba izuba rigiye kurenga icyo gihe igisibo cy’umugore kiba cyangiritse. Cyangwa yari mu mihango ikarangira ku gica munsi icyo gihe ntiyasiba, cyangwa kuba yari mu mihango ikarangira nyuma y’uko umuseke utambika, igisibo cye nticyakwemerwa, uwo munsi aba agomba kuzawishyura, kubera ijambo ry’intumwa Muhamadi yavuze agira ati “Ese ubu umugore iyo agiye mu mihango ntareka gusenga no gusiba” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 1850.

Naho amaraso ava mu mugore kubera uburwayi, atari imihango isanzwe aza mu minsi mbarwa mu kwezi, n’amaraso atari ibisanza asohoka nyuma yo kubyara ayo maraso ntabwo abuza gusiba.

Abantu Imana yasoneye gusiba

Imana yasoneye abantu b’ubwoko butandukanye ibemerera kurya ku manywa y’ukwezi kwa Ramadhani ari ukuborohereza ndetse n’impuhwe, abo ni aba:

1. Umurwayi uterwa ingorane no gusiba, uwo yemerewe kurya akazishyura nyuma ya Ramadhani.

2. Utagishoboye gusiba kubera izabukuru cyangwa uburwayi budateze gukira, biremewe kuri bo kurya hanyuma kuri buri munsi bariye bakagaburira umukene umwe, bamuha ibingana n’ikiro ni nusu y’ibiribwa.

3. Umuntu uri ku rugendo igihe arurimo n’igihe agize aho ashyikira by’igihe kitageze ku minsi ine, uwo yemerewe kurya akazishyura iminsi atasibye nyuma ya Ramadhani. Imana yaravuze iti “N’uzaba arwaye cyangwa ari ku rugendo (azarye) hanyuma azishyure mu yindi minsi (nyuma ya Ramadhani), Imana irabashakira ibiboroheye ntabwo ishaka ibibaremereye” Surat Al Baqarat: 185.

4. Umugore uri mu mihango cyangwa mu bisanza, kirazira kuri bo gusiba, nta nubwo igisibo cyabo cyemerwa bakaba bagomba kwishyura nyuma ya Ramadhani (Reba page: 76).

5. Umugore utwite n’uwonsa, igihe batinya gusiba kubera ingaruka zababaho bo ubwabo cyangwa zaba ku bana babo, abo barishyura bakazishyura iyo minsi.

Ni irihe tegeko ry’umuntu uriye mu kwezi kwa Ramadhani?

Buri muntu wese uriye nta mpamvu yemewe n’amategeko, uwo agomba kwicuza ku Mana kubera ko aba akoze icyaha gikomeye no kuba yigometse ku mategeko y’umuremyi we Nyagasani akaba anagomba kwishyura uwo munsi gusa, usibye gusa uwakwangiza igisibo cye akoze imibonano mpuza bitsina, uwo nawe yishyura uwo munsi, ariko akaba anagomba gutanga icyiru cy’icyo cyaha, akarekura umucakara, agura uwo mucakara w’umuyislamu yarangiza akamuha ubwigenge, Islam kandi ishimangira kubohora umuntu akava mu bucakara muri buri gihe, iyo nta mucakara uhari nk’uko bimeze ubu, uwo muntu agomba gusiba amezi abiri akurikirana, iyo atabishoboye agaburira abakene mirongo itandatu.

Igisibo cy’umugereka

Imana yategetse igisibo ukwezi kumwe gusa mu mwaka, ariko yakundishije abantu gusiba indi minsi k’umuntu wumva afite ubushobozi bwo gusiba, ibyo akabikora agamije kongera ibihembo, ibyo bisibo ni ibi:

Umunsi wa Ashurau n’umunsi uwubanziriza n’umunsi uwukurikira, Umunsi wa Ashurau ni umunsi wa cumi w’ukwezi kwa Muharamu, ukwezi kwa mbere kwa Kislamu, uwo munsi ukaba ariwo Imana yarokoyeho intumwa y’Imana Mussa kuri Farawo maze Imana yoreka mu Nyanja Farawo n’abantu be, umuyislamu akaba agomba kuwusiba kubera gushimira Imana kuba yararokoye Mussa, no gukurikiza intumwa yacu Muhamadi igihe yawusibaga yaravuze iti “Mujye musiba umunsi mbere ya Ashurau cyangwa musibe umunsi umwe nyuma yawo” Yakiriwe na Ahmad: 2154. Ubwo intumwa Muhamadi yabazwaga kubyerekeye gusiba uwo munsi yaravuze ati “Bihanagura ibyaha by’umwaka ushize” Yakiriwe na Muslim: 1162.
Gusiba umunsi wa Arafat, ukaba ari umunsi wa cyenda mu kwezi kwa Dhul Hija, ukwezi kwa cumin a kabiri kwa Kislamu, kuri uyu munsi abahaji bateranira ku musozi wa Arafat basaba Imana bayicishijeho bugufi, uwo munsi ukaba ariwo munsi mwiza mu minsi y’umwaka, ni byiza rero ku bantu batagiye Makka gukora Hija kuwusiba, intumwa Muhamadi yabajijwe kubyerekeye gusiba umunsi wa Arafat aravuga ati “Bihanagura ibyaha by’umwaka ushize n’uwo nguwo” Yakiriwe na Muslim: 1162.
Gusiba iminsi itandatu y’ukwezi kwa Shawali, shawali ni ukwezi kwa cumi,intumwa Muhamadi yaravuze iti “Uzasiba ukwezi kwa Ramadhani hanyuma agakurikizaho iminsi itandatu ya Shawali, uwo aba ameze nk’uwasibye umwaka wose” Yakiriwe na Muslim: 1164.

Umunsi w’Ilayidi yo gusiburuka

Iminsi mikuru ni kimwe mu birango by’idini bigaragara, ubwo intumwa Muhamadi yageraga Madina yasanzeho aba Answaru –aribo bayislamu ba Madina- asanga bafite iminsi mikuru ibiri mu mwaka bakinaho bakidagadura, arababwira ati “Iyi ni minsi ki? Baramubwira bati: Ni iminsi twajyaga twidagadura ho mu gihe cy’ubujiji, intumwa Muhamadi iravuga iti “Imana yabaguraniyemo iminsi ibiri myiza kuruta iyo, ariyo Ilayidi y’ibitambo n’ilayidi yo gusiburuka” Yakiriwe na Abu Dauda: 1134. Na none intumwa Muhamadi mukugaragaza ko iminsi mikuru ari bimwe mu birango by’amadini yaravuze iti “Mu by’ukuri, buri bantu bagira umunsi mukuru, natwe umunsi mukuru wacu ni uyu” Yakiriwe na Bukhariy: 909. Na Muslim: 892.

Umunsi mukuru w’ilayidi muri Islam:

Umunsi mukuru w’ilayidi muri Islam ni umunsi w’ibyishimo byo kuba basoje amasengesho bashimira Imana kuba yarabayoboye ikanabafasha gukora ayo masengesho, ni byiza rero kuri uwo munsi kugaragaza ibyishimo Bambara imyambaro myiza no gufasha abatishoboye, bakoresheje uburyo butandukanye butuma abantu bishima banazirikana inema z’Imana kuribo.

Iminsi mikuru y’abayislamu:

Abayislamu bafite iminsi mikuru ibiri mu mwaka bizihiza, ntabwo byemewe abantu kwishyiriraho umunsi ngo bawugire umunsi mukuru, iyo minsi mikuru ibiri rero ni: Ilayidi y’ibitambo, ariwo munsi wa cumi mu kwezi kwa Dhul Hija.

Ilayidi yo kurangiza igisibo cy’ukwezi kwa Ramadhani:

Ukaba ari umunsi wa mbere w’ukwezi kwa Shawali, ariko kwezi kwa cumi, uwo munsi ukaba utangira mu ijoro ry’umunsi wa nyuma mu kwezi kwa Ramadhani, niyo mpamvu uwo munsi wiswe ilayidi yo kurangiza igisibo, kuko abantu bagandukira Imana basiburuka kuri uyu munsi nk’uko bayigandukiye mu gusiba ukwezi kwa Ramadhani, abayislamu bizihiza uwo munsi bashimira Imana kuba yarabasenderejeho inema zayo ikanabafasha kurangiza igisibo cy’ukwezi kwa Ramadhani. Imana yaravuze iti “Mujye mwuzuza iminsi yagenwe, kandi mukuze Imana k’ubyo yabayoboyeho kugira ngo mubashe gushimira (Imana)” Surat Al Baqarat: 185.

Ni ibiki bisabwa gukorwa ku munsi w’Ilayidi?

Isengesho ry’Ilayidi: Iswala Islam yashimangiye inashishikariza abayislamu kujya kuyisenga hamwe n’amagore n’abana, igihe cy’iryo sengesho: Ni ukuva izuba rirashe rikazamuka ahangana n’umuhunda w’icumu kugeza izuba rivuye hagati mu kirere ho gato, ahangana n’umuhunda w’icumu ni ahantu hangana na metero imwe.

Uko Ilayidi isengwa: Iswala y’ilayidi ni Raka ebyiri Imamu asarisha asoma mu ijwi riranguruye, nyuma y’iswala agatanga Khutuba ebyiri, ni byiza mu iswala y’ilayidi kongera Takibira mu ntangiriro za buri Raka, ku Iraka ya mbere hatorwa Takibira esheshatu mbere yo gusoma hatarimo Takibira ya mbere (Takibiratul Ihirami) naho kuri Raka ya kabiri hagatorwa Takibira eshanu hatarimo Takibira yo guhaguruka uvuye kuri Sijida.

Zakatul Fitiri: Imana yategetse buri muyislamu ufite ibiribwa birenga k’ubyo akeneye ku munsi w’Ilayidi, ko yatangaho ibingana n’icyibo cy’ibiryo bikunze kuribwa aho mu karere, byaba umuceri, ingano cyangwa itende akabiha abatishoboye b’abayislamu, k’uburyo hatagira umukene usigara ku munsi w’ilayidi. Biremewe gutanga ikiguzi cy’ibiribwa igihe ibyo byaba aribyo bifitiye akamaro utishoboye.

Igihe cyo gutanga Zakatul Fitiri: Ni uguhera izuba rirenze ku munsi wa nyuma wa Ramadhani kugeza ku iswala y’ilayidi, biremewe kandi kuyitanga mbere y’ilayidi ho umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.

Ikigero cya Zakatul Fitiri, ni icyibo cy’ibiribwa bikunze kuribwa aho hantu, zaba ingano, umuceri cyangwa itende, n’ibindi nkibyo, icyibo kandi mu bipimo by’iki gihe kingana hafi na 3kg.

Bikaba ari itegeko ku muntu ku giti cye ndetse no kubantu ashinzwe nk’umugore we n’abana be, kandi ni byiza kuyitangira uruhinja ruri mu nda ya nyina, agatanga kuri buri muntu icyibo cy’ibiribwa aribyo bingana hafi na 3kg.

Intumwa Muhamadi (Imana imuhe amahoro n’imigisha) yaravuze ati “(Zakatul Fitiri) isukura uwasibye, imukuraho imyanda iba yagiye mu gisibo cye ikaba n’ibiribwa by’abatishoboye, uzayitanga mbere yo gusari ilayidi, iyo iba ari Zakatul Fitiri yemewe, naho uyitanze nyuma y’iswala iyo iba ari isadaka isanzwe” Yakiriwe na Abu Dauda: 1609.

Ni byiza gukwiza ibyishimo mu muryango yaba mu bana ndetse no mubakuze, abagabo n’abagore, hakoreshejwe uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwemewe, no kwambara imyambaro myiza no kugandukira Imana hatangwa ibiribwa no kurya ku manywa y’uwo munsi, no kubera iyo mpamvu kirazira gusiba k’umunsi w’ilayidi.
Ni itegeko gutora Takibira mu ijoro ry’ilayidi n’igihe ugiye gusari ilayidi, igihe cya Takibira kirangirana no gusari ilayidi, mu kugaragaza ibyishimo byo kurangiza igisibo cy’ukwezi kwa Ramadhani no gushimira Imana kubera inema yaduhaye no kubera ko yatuyoboye tukabasha gusiba, Imana yaravuze iti “Bityo nimwuzuze umubare (w’iminsi y’igisibo), kandi mukuze Allah kuko yabayoboye kugira ngo mushimire” Surat Al Baqarat: 185.

Uburyo Takibira zitangwa rero ni ubu: ALLAH AK’BAR, ALLAH AK’BAR, LA ILAHA ILA LLAHU, ALLAH AK’BAR, ALLAH AK’BAR WA LILAHIL HAMDU.

Akavuga kandi ati “ALLAH AK’BAR KABIRA WAL HAMDULILAHI KATHIRA, WA SUB’HANA LLAHI BUKURATAN WA ASWILA”

Ni itegeko kandi ko abagabo bazamura amajwi muri Takibirat mu buryo butabangamiye abantu cyangwa bubabuza amahoro naho abagore bagatora Takibira buhoro.